Solar energy works by converting sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly known as solar panels. Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how it works:

Solar panels are made up of many solar cells, which are typically made from silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it knocks electrons loose from their atoms.

The movement of these loose electrons generates an electric current. Each solar cell produces a small amount of electricity, but when combined in a panel, they can generate significant power.

The electricity generated by the solar cells is in the form of direct current (DC). Most homes and businesses use alternating current (AC), so an inverter is used to convert the DC electricity into AC electricity.

The converted AC electricity is then sent to the electrical panel (breaker box) of the building, where it is distributed to power lights, appliances, and other electrical devices.

If the solar panels produce more electricity than is needed, the excess can be fed back into the grid (if the system is grid-tied) or stored in batteries for later use. Feeding electricity back into the grid can sometimes earn the system owner credits through a process called net metering.

Solar energy systems often include monitoring systems to track energy production and ensure everything is working efficiently. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning the panels and checking the inverter, helps maintain optimal performance.

Key Components of a Solar Energy System:

1. Solar Panels: Capture sunlight and convert it into electricity.
2. Inverter: Converts DC electricity from the panels into AC electricity.
3. Mounting System: Secures the panels in place, either on a roof or on the ground.
4. Battery Storage (optional): Stores excess electricity for use when the sun isn’t shining.
5. Electrical Panel: Distributes electricity throughout the building.
Meter: Measures the amount of electricity produced and used.

Types of Solar Energy Systems:

1. Grid-Tied Systems: Connected to the public electricity grid. They can feed excess electricity back into the grid and draw from it when needed.
2. Off-Grid Systems: Not connected to the grid. They rely entirely on solar panels and battery storage for electricity.
3. Hybrid Systems: Combine grid-tied and off-grid features, often including battery storage and a connection to the grid.